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SecondBrain/10 Knowledge/CTO Academy/Project Management/Dependencies.md
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Duration: 30--40 minutes
## Definition
A dependency is something a project needs but does not fully control. It
may be another task, person, team, vendor, environment, approval,
decision, data source, or access requirement. A blocker is a dependency
that is currently preventing progress.
## Simple Mental Model
**What must happen outside this work before we can reach the next
milestone?**
## How It Works
Project owners should identify dependencies early, record who owns them
and when they are needed, follow up before they become blockers, and
escalate when authority or priority is required.
### Dependency types
- Internal: another task or contributor inside the project
- Cross-team: Product, DevOps, Security, IT, Finance, etc.
- External: vendor, partner, contractor
- Decision: approval or choice required before work can proceed
A dependency is not automatically a risk. "DevOps must create the
environment" is a dependency. "DevOps may not have capacity by August
15" is a risk.
### Example
For an analytics implementation:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Dependency Owner Needed by Impact if late
----------------- ----------------- ----------------- -----------------
Production DevOps Aug 15 QA cannot start
environment
Security review Security Aug 20 Production
blocked
Tracking Product/Data Aug 5 Implementation
requirements unclear
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
In your environment this matters because project owners frequently
depend on Product, DevOps, Security, vendors, QA, and other departments.
The owner may not control those teams, but still owns making the
dependency visible and following it.
### CTO Perspective
You should not personally chase every dependency. The owner manages
normal follow-up. You intervene when priorities conflict, a committed
milestone is threatened, the owner lacks authority, or the same
bottleneck repeatedly affects projects.
### Questions to Ask
- What does the next milestone depend on?
- Who owns it?
- When is it needed?
- Has the other team actually committed?
- What happens if it is late?
- When should this be escalated?
### Meeting Scenario
**Situation:** The owner says Friday's milestone will slip because
DevOps has not created the environment.
**Possible response:**
> When did we identify the dependency, what date did DevOps commit to,
> and when did we know it was at risk? If you've already followed up and
> the milestone is threatened, I'll help escalate it.
### Key Takeaways
- Dependencies are things the project needs but does not fully
control.
- Blockers are dependencies actively preventing progress.
- Identify dependencies from milestones before they are needed.
- Project owners manage routine follow-up.
- Managers handle cross-team priority and authority escalation.
- Repeated dependency failures may reveal an organizational
bottleneck.
## How It Fits Into the Bigger Picture
This lesson builds on [[Projects vs Operations]], [[Outcomes and Definition of Done]], [[Scope and Scope Creep]], and [[Milestones vs Tasks]]. It prepares the project system to become
more predictable and scalable.
## Related Concepts
- [[Milestones vs Tasks]]
- [[Estimation and Forecasting]]
- [[Prioritization]]
- [[Capacity and WIP]]
- [[Risk Management]]
- [[Project Health]]
- [[Portfolio Management]]